Tens of thousands of Italian civilians perished in the Allied bombing raids of World War II. More of them died after the Armistice of September 1943 than before, when the air attacks were intended to induce Italy’s surrender. Allied Air Attacks and Civilian Harm in Italy, 1940–1945 addresses this seeming paradox, by examining the views of Allied political and military leaders, Allied air crews, and Italians on the ground. It tells the stories of a little-known diplomat (Myron Charles Taylor), military strategist (Solly Zuckerman), resistance fighter (Aldo Quaranta), and peace activist (Vera Brittain) – architects and opponents of the bombing strategies. It describes the fate of ordinary civilians, drawing on a wealth of local and digital archival sources, memoir accounts, novels, and films, including Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 and John Huston’s The Battle of San Pietro. The book will be of interest to readers concerned about the ethical, legal, and human dimensions of bombing and its effects on civilians, to students of military strategy and Italian history, and to World War II buffs. They will benefit from a people-focused history that draws on a range of eclectic and rarely used sources in English and Italian. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license

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This book is freely available in digital formats thanks to a generous grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Anglophobia in Fascist Italy traces the origins and development of anti-British sentiment in Fascist Italy, as Britain turned from being an ally in the First World War to an enemy in the Second. The book demonstrates that Fascist ideologues framed Britain as a stagnant and decaying country and the polar opposite of Fascism's new civilization, to the point that the regime's assessment of British political resolve and military might were distorted by ideological bias. The book offers a thorough analysis of diplomatic, military and journalistic sources and demonstrates that anti-British tropes had permeated Italy to a greater degree than was previously believed.

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Antisemitism as a passionate (re)interpretation of the world has been resonating beyond the circle of the „usual suspects“ in right-wing extremism since before October 7th 2023. This volume explores the persistence, adaptability and global spread of anti-Jewish ideas and manifestations and traces them from antiquity to the Telegram chats, university auditoriums and cultural institutions of the contemporary world.

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In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat die sogenannte »neue« Rechte in Deutschland sowie in Europa und Amerika an Sichtbarkeit und Einfluss in Politik, Gesellschaft und Öffentlichkeit gewonnen. Diese Entwicklung ist eng mit dem Aufstieg des Rechtspopulismus und der Mobilisierung rechtsextremer Bewegungen verbunden. Die Beiträger*innen analysieren aus soziologischen, politik- und geschichtswissenschaftlichen sowie sozialpsychologischen Perspektiven die jüngsten Entwicklungen im Feld der »neuen« Rechten. Dazu nehmen sie sowohl globale Dynamiken als auch die Situation in lokalen Hotspots in Sachsen in den Blick und bieten so eine umfassende Zusammenschau neurechter Politiken über Ländergrenzen hinweg.

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Das Jahrbuch des Dokumentationsarchivs des österreichischen Widerstandes (DÖW) untersucht seit 1986 alle Aspekte des Nationalsozialismus. Dieses Bemühen um Erforschung und Aufarbeitung bleibt immer fragmentarisch. Zu viele Zeug*innen haben nicht überlebt, Dokumente wurden vernichtet, Erinnerungen lange abgewehrt. Dem trägt das Jahrbuch 2023 mit dem Titel „Bruchstücke" Rechnung. Die präzisen Einblicke der einzelnen Beiträge fügen sich wie Splitter zu verschiedenen Themen in ein Mosaik: die Befragung von ehemaligen SS- und Wehrmachtsangehörigen durch einen Auschwitz-Überlebenden in den 1960er Jahren in Deutschland, private Filmaufnahmen aus dem Kriegsgefangenenlager Stalag XVII A, die Erinnerung an den bewaffneten Widerstand der Kärntner Partisan*innen, die Vertreibung eines Kinderstars der Operette aus Wien, das Schicksal der ersten von Wien ins besetzte Polen deportierten Juden, das tödliche Bombenattentat auf österreichische Roma 1995, Demokratiebildung und rechtsextreme Einstellungen in migrantischen Communities. Das Buch skizziert verschiedene historische und aktuelle Ansätze und Motivationen von Forschenden ebenso wie die digitale Umsetzung von Ergebnissen heute. ; Das Jahrbuch des Dokumentationsarchivs des österreichischen Widerstandes (DÖW) untersucht seit 1986 alle Aspekte des Nationalsozialismus. Dieses Bemühen um Erforschung und Aufarbeitung bleibt immer fragmentarisch. Zu viele Zeug*innen haben nicht überlebt, Dokumente wurden vernichtet, Erinnerungen lange abgewehrt. Dem trägt das Jahrbuch 2023 mit dem Titel „Bruchstücke" Rechnung. Die präzisen Einblicke der einzelnen Beiträge fügen sich wie Splitter zu verschiedenen Themen in ein Mosaik: die Befragung von ehemaligen SS- und Wehrmachtsangehörigen durch einen Auschwitz-Überlebenden in den 1960er Jahren in Deutschland, private Filmaufnahmen aus dem Kriegsgefangenenlager Stalag XVII A, die Erinnerung an den bewaffneten Widerstand der Kärntner Partisan*innen, die Vertreibung eines Kinderstars der Operette aus Wien, das Schicksal der ersten von Wien ins besetzte Polen deportierten Juden, das tödliche Bombenattentat auf österreichische Roma 1995, Demokratiebildung und rechtsextreme Einstellungen in migrantischen Communities. Das Buch skizziert verschiedene historische und aktuelle Ansätze und Motivationen von Forschenden ebenso wie die digitale Umsetzung von Ergebnissen heute.

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During the Nazi era, about three million Jews and tens of thousands of Sinti and Roma were deported to ghettos, camps, and extermination centers, where most of them were murdered. In over 20 contributions, scholars from different countries examine the deportations through a variety of perspectives and questions, with a special emphasis on the discussion of historical source material.

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"Europe in Mauthausen" presents a comprehensive history of the survivors of a Nazi concentration camp and is based on a unique collection of 859 oral and video history interviews with with former concentration camp prisoners in Europe, Israel, North and South America. The second volume examines how prisoners from numerous European countries were brought to the Mauthausen concentration camp complex. The deportations, the transfers of prisoners within the Nazi camp system and the death marches led to constant changes in the camp society; despite the omnipresence of violent death; thus, the fates of the inmates differed considerably.

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Memorial museums are understood as flagships of the respective country’s memory politics – in the context of transnational processes. How do big, publicly (co-)funded memorial museums that (re-)opened after 1989 in the eleven post-Communist EU member states exhibit the World War II period? Beyond a mere overview of the museum and their history the book analyzes how ‚double‘ and ‚tripple‘ occupation, Holocaust, victimhood and collaboration are represented in the permanent exhibitions and which role EU accession talks and authoritarian tendencies played and play in this.

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The “Independent State of Croatia,” occupied by Germany and Italy, is a laboratory for investigating Nazi and Fascist notions of empire, occupation, and the enforcement of power. For the first time, Sanela Schmid draws on a broad set of sources from German, Italian, and post-Yugoslav archives to examine the two occupation regions that divided Croatia until the Italian capitulation.

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The “Independent State of Croatia,” occupied by Germany and Italy, is a laboratory for investigating Nazi and Fascist notions of empire, occupation, and the enforcement of power. For the first time, Sanela Schmid draws on a broad set of sources from German, Italian, and post-Yugoslav archives to examine the two occupation regions that divided Croatia until the Italian capitulation.

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In order to truly understand the emergence, endurance, and legacy of autocracy, this volume of engaging essays explores how autocratic power is acquired, exercised, and transferred or abruptly ended through the careers and politics of influential figures in more than 20 countries and six regions. The book looks at both traditional "hard" dictators, such as Hitler, Stalin, and Mao, and more modern "soft" or populist autocrats, who are in the process of transforming once fully democratic countries into autocratic states, including Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey, Brazilian leader Jair Bolsonaro, Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines, Narendra Modi in India, and Viktor Orbán in Hungary. The authors touch on a wide range of autocratic and dictatorial figures in the past and present, including present-day autocrats, such as Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping, military leaders, and democratic leaders with authoritarian aspirations. They analyze the transition of selected autocrats from democratic or benign semi-democratic systems to harsher forms of autocracy, with either quite disastrous or more successful outcomes. An ideal reader for students and scholars, as well as the general public, interested in international affairs, leadership studies, contemporary history and politics, global studies, security studies, economics, psychology, and behavioral studies.

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Was ist rechte Ideologie? Anknüpfend an Karl Mannheims Studie zum konservativen Denkstil zeigt Felix Schilk, dass es ein spezifisches Muster gibt, wie rechte Akteure Geschichte und Gesellschaft erzählen: Mensch und Welt sind schon immer entzweit, die dekadente Gegenwart ist ein andauernder Verfallsprozess und in der Zukunft droht die unvermeidliche Apokalypse. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die sogenannte Neue Rechte, die diese konservativen Krisennarrative für ihren Kampf um Diskursverschiebungen und kulturelle Hegemonie nutzt. Da sie ihre Identität aus der Wiederholung der immer gleichen Untergangsballaden schöpft, ist sie als Erzählgemeinschaft zu verstehen.

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How does the AfD manage to make its supporters feel comfortable with a party that many people find repulsive? Florian Spissinger ethnographically observed lecture events, regulars' tables and AfD election campaign stands and conducted on-site interviews. What became evident was a new-right affective community against which critical objections bounce off without effect and for which the rejection of immigration and climate protection feels good and clever.

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On March 26th, 1923, in a formal ceremony, construction of the Milan–Alpine Lakes autostrada officially began, the preliminary step toward what would become the first European motorway. That Benito Mussolini himself participated in the festivities indicates just how important the project was to Italian Fascism. This book recounts the twisting fortunes of the autostrada, which—alongside railways, aviation, and other forms of mobility—Italian authorities hoped would spread an ideology of technological nationalism. It explains how Italy ultimately failed to realize its mammoth infrastructural vision, addressing the political and social conditions that made a coherent plan of development impossible.

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On March 26th, 1923, in a formal ceremony, construction of the Milan–Alpine Lakes autostrada officially began, the preliminary step toward what would become the first European motorway. That Benito Mussolini himself participated in the festivities indicates just how important the project was to Italian Fascism. This book recounts the twisting fortunes of the autostrada, which—alongside railways, aviation, and other forms of mobility—Italian authorities hoped would spread an ideology of technological nationalism. It explains how Italy ultimately failed to realize its mammoth infrastructural vision, addressing the political and social conditions that made a coherent plan of development impossible.

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Extrem rechte und rassistische Gewalt ist Teil des Lebens von rassistisch vulnerablen Menschen. Die Auswirkungen auf die Betroffenen und deren Bewältigungsmuster sind noch unzureichend erforscht. Das Buch fokussiert aus den Perspektiven von Betroffenen und von Fachkräften die Formen und Kontexte extrem rechter und rassistischer Gewalt und deren Auswirkungen auf das Alltagsleben. Darauf aufbauend werden die von Betroffenen entwickelten Handlungs- und Bewältigungsmuster im Umgang mit Gewalt erörtert und (fehlende) institutionelle Antworten auf extrem rechte und rassistische Gewalt diskutiert.

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Matters of ancestry, race and racism endure within Heathenry, a new religious movement drawing inspiration from the pre-Christian religions of northern Europe. Most Heathens, termed ‘inclusivist’ or ‘universalist’, welcome all with a spiritual interest in the ancient heathen past, regardless of ethnicity, sexuality or gender. But a ‘folkish’ Heathen minority, often identifying as Odinist, centre their thinking around ethnocentricity and heterosexist values. Racist Heathenry requires scrutiny as it has been influential in recent terrorist incidents in the UK, Norway, USA and New Zealand. Faith, folk and the far right offers the first detailed examination of extremist Heathenry and occultism in the UK and how anti-racist Heathens are working actively to counter this discourse. Part I explores the spectrum of Heathen practice today and the historical origins of racist Heathenry in nineteenth century Germanic romanticism and twentieth century folkish nationalism. Part II examines the three main extremist Heathen organisations in the UK, the Odinic Rite, the Odinist Fellowship and Woden’s Folk, and their claims to the ‘authentic’ ‘folk-religion’ of the ‘ancestral’ English. The book extends its discussion to the neo-Nazi occult organization the Order of the Nine Angles (O9A), and the wider racist Heathen cultural scene, focussing on Black Metal music. Part III analyses how anti-racist Heathens are countering racist discourse, from visible protests at far-right rallies to inter-faith forums and an active presence on social media platforms. The book makes an important contribution to the intersecting fields of new religious movements, nationalist history and racist politics.

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A worldwide struggle between democracy and authoritarianism set against a backdrop of global surveillance capitalism is unmistakable. Examples range from Myanmar, China, and the Philippines to Hungary, Turkey, Russia, and the United States. Fascism, Vulnerability, and the Escape from Freedom offers a multidisciplinary analysis drawing on psychology and literature to provide readers with a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that drive people to abandon democracy in favor of vertically organized authoritarianism and even fascism. In a comparative study of texts selected for their insights and occasional blind spots regarding fascist experiments of the past 100 years, Delogu examines fascism’s exploitation of fear (of change, loss, and death), disruption, and extreme inequality. The book offers an accessible and persuasive argument linking fascist authoritarianism, also called “right-wing populism,” to certain underlying conditions, such as a rise in us-versus-them thinking; distrust or simple apathy regarding democratic institutions, norms, and results; the vulnerabilities that result from extreme inequality (economic, social, racial); and addictions and codependency. Stressful events, such as a pandemic, an environmental disaster, or deep recession aggravate these harmful factors and make the fascist temptation, including the use of violence, almost irresistible. Delogu’s distinctive examination of texts that plumb the unconscious reveal linkages between actions and unavowable motives that purely historical and theoretical studies of fascism leave out. Erich Fromm’s neglected 1941 classic Escape from Freedom serves as a key reference in Delogu’s study, as does Robert Paxton’s authoritative history, The Anatomy of Fascism (2004). After underscoring the argument and urgent context around these two studies (Hitler’s Germany and George W. Bush’s post-9/11 America), Delogu examines novels, a diary, memoirs, and manifestos to show how vulnerability forces individuals to choose between exclusionary fascist authoritarianism and inclusive, collaborative democracy.

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There is hardly any other German company that was so polarizing in the twentieth century as Krupp. Publicly, "Krupp haters" and "Krupp fans" exchanged high-profile punches. Roelevink delves into this conflict, inquiring into the history policy of the company and showing to what extent and in what way Krupp was actively involved in the public negotiation of its own image.

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Studies the development and impact of Hanns Eisler's music and Marxist activism in the tensions of 1930s Spain, revealing the interplay of varied influences, ideology and antifascist propaganda. Hanns Eisler in Republican Spain is the first comprehensive study to explore the political, artistic, and intellectual engagements of Hanns Eisler and his circle of Marxist musicians - including the singer Ernst Busch and the musicologist Otto Mayer-Serra - in relation to Spain between 1931 and 1939. The book reconstructs Eisler's collaborations with a broad range of Spanish antifascist organisations, examines the reception of his compositional and theoretical work in Republican Spain, and assesses the deep impact of the Spanish civil war on his vocal and symphonic music. It highlights the influence of key local, national, and international communist structures - notably the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), and the Comintern (Third International) - on the musical and political projects of Eisler and his circle. Grounded in detailed analysis of an extensive corpus of textual, musical, and press materials - primarily preserved in archives in Spain, Germany, Russia, France, and the United States - this study offers new critical frameworks for understanding the role of Western modernist music in contexts of ideological conflict and war. It provides a fresh perspective on the complex entanglements between antifascist propaganda and musical modernism in the interwar period. Hanns Eisler in Republican Spain makes a vital contribution to scholarship at the intersection of music, exile, propaganda, communism, and antifascism, and more broadly, to the study of how political ideologies shaped music, aesthetics, and musical thought across national boundaries during a pivotal era in twentieth-century European history. On publication this book is available as an Open Access ebook under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC.

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"It can't happen here." This has been the prevailing sentiment about the possible emergence of fascism in the United States since the rise of international fascism in the 1930s. Yet there are signs that it may already be happening, and at the highest levels of government... In their copiously researched and documented work the Schwendingers outline the structural transformations, policies, and practices that raise the prospect of fascist governance in the 21st Century US. They show that a homeland fascism has significant supports within the framework of American liberal democracy. This is an important analysis in a context in which concerns about fascist demagoguery and far right mobilization appear to be growing in the US and beyond.

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Taking a critical stance toward "internationality" was one of the central aspects of the notion of scholarship propagated in National Socialist Germany between 1933 and 1945. However, during this time, German scholars had surprisingly extensive contact with their international peers. This volume examines international academic relations by looking at research trips, world congresses, and bilateral conferences.

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Der Klimawandel und das Erstarken der äußersten Rechten fordern die Zukunft der Demokratie heraus. Welche Strategien der äußersten Rechten lassen sich in Bezug auf den Klimawandel beobachten? Und wie blicken diejenigen darauf, um deren es Zukunft hier geht? Die Autor*innen haben junge Menschen in einer deutschlandweiten Studie befragt. Deutlich wurde: Viele junge Menschen lehnen rechte Narrative zu Klimathemen ab, doch einige rechte Positionen stoßen auch auf Zustimmung.; The climate change and the rise of the far right challenge the future of democracy. What strategies of the far right can be observed in relation to the climate change? And how do those whose future is at stake here view it? The authors interviewed young people in a Germany-wide study. A central insight: Many young people reject right-wing narratives on climate issues, but there are some positions that find some agreement.

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Shortly before the end of the Second World War, the ‘camp on the move’ claimed thousands more lives. One of the defining features of the end of the war in Germany in 1945 was an evacuation policy directed at regional level and organised locally. Whilst the Nazi regime left the German population to fend for themselves, prisoners in the concentration camps were to be deported further into the heart of the Reich or murdered on the spot as soon as Allied units approached. As the Red Army advanced to the Oder in January 1945, the first satellite camps of Sachsenhausen were in danger of coming within range of the fighting. Janine Fubel examines the final months of one of the central German concentration camp complexes. She demonstrates how the camp command had already begun implementing evacuation measures at this stage, before the final clearance commenced in April with the death marches. Drawing on extensive source material, the organisation, personnel and practices involved in the camp’s dissolution and the forced marches are described in unprecedented detail and placed within the context of the war. The violence learned during the war of extermination in the East was ultimately transferred to the heart of the German Reich. Camp personnel, the SS, the police, but also the local population put this knowledge of violence into practice against the deportees. The brutal clearance continued into the first days of May and claimed thousands of victims.

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Die kritische Theorie erklärte Faschismus und autoritäres Bewusstsein aus den Widersprüchen und Krisentendenzen der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Die Analyse der extremen und populistischen Rechten kann an die Einsichten von Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno und Co. anknüpfen. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes rekapitulieren zentrale theoretische Überlegungen zum autoritären Charakter und zum autoritären Staat, zu Antisemitismus und Rassismus sowie zum Verhältnis von liberalem und völkischem Denken. Darüber hinaus setzen sie sich in der Tradition der kritischen Theorie mit verschiedenen Aspekten der gegenwärtigen extremen Rechten auseinander.

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The diversity of Latin America is reflected in the wide range of interdisciplinary research on the region. The contributions in this volume provide a variety of insights into this field: they range from Latin American intellectual history to ambivalent ways of thinking, spaces and borders, literary contexts, and finally to Berlin as a place of American writing. The focus is on those aspects that are also significant for Susanne Klengel's research work. She has explored Latin America with all its languages, histories, ethnicities, cultures, and theosophies through an anti-paradigmatic approach. She invites us to think outside the box, thereby penetrating the paradoxes and contingencies of reality and guiding us through the winding paths between Latin America, Europe, and India. This volume is dedicated to her.

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Im römischen zentralen Staatsarchiv befindet sich der Terminkalender mit den Audienzen, die Mussolini in der letzten Phase des Faschismus, das heißt während der Italienischen Sozialrepublik (Repubblica Sociale Italiana), gehalten hat. Der Band macht ihn nun erstmalig der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich und ergänzt die Einträge um die Inhalte der Gespräche, die – soweit möglich – unter Heranziehung der Memorialistik und von Dokumenten aus dem Privatsekretariat des Duce rekonstruiert werden.; Presso l’Archivio Centrale dello Stato si conserva il calendario delle udienze tenute da Mussolini durante l’ultimo periodo del fascismo (la Repubblica Sociale Italiana). Il volume lo mette a disposizione degli studiosi per la prima volta e lo arricchisce con i contenuti delle udienze, ricostruiti – ove possibile – attraverso la memorialistica e le carte della Segreteria particolare del Duce.

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The European Axis policy remains largely unwritten. Little is known about the factors that united or divided the Fascist regime and the Nazi Reich regarding the post-war order. Furthermore, even less is known about the Italian plans for a fascist Europe, which wartime events soon relegated to the margins of Axis policy. This book reconstructs the debate on the new European order developed from the 1930s to the spring of 1943 by Fascist politicians, philosophers, writers, anthropologists, and geographers. The debate progressed alongside the evolution of the international framework and in parallel with the war. The diachronic examination of these projects, where distinctive elements of Fascist ideology were instrumentally entwined with Latin and Catholic tradition, allows us to recover the thread of relations between Italy and Germany and between Italy and the minor allies of the Axis. The very choice of words - Fascist Europe, Axis Europe, Catholic Europe or Europe of Nations - reflects a shift in the balance of power: from collaboration to competition, from fear to an attempt to regain prominence. In 1943, the idea of a Europe of nations with an explicitly anti-German intent was the final, unrealistic assertion toward a new order where Axis Europe was not just Nazi Europe.

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"Europe in Mauthausen" presents a comprehensive history of the survivors of a Nazi concentration camp and is based on a unique collection of 859 oral and video history interviews with former concentration camp prisoners in Europe, Israel, North and South America. This first volume focuses on methodological considerations and macro-political contexts. It shows that the National Socialist camp system was not only depending on Nazi persecution policies, but also to a large extent on the forms of occupation and collaboration in the occupied countries.

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"The notion of a superior ?Germanic? or ?Nordic? race was a central theme in the ideology of the Nazis. But it was also a commonly accepted idea in the early twentieth century, and an actual scientific concept originating from anthropological research on the physical characteristics of Europeans. The Scandinavian Peninsula was considered to be the historical cradle and the core area of this ?master race?. This book investigates the role played by Scandinavian scholars in inventing this so-called superior race, and discusses how this concept put its stamp on Norwegian physical anthropology, prehistory, national identity, and on the Norwegian eugenics movement. It also explores the decline and scientific disputation of these ideas in the 1930s as they came to be associated with the ?genetic cleansing? of Nazi Germany. This is the first comprehensive study on Norwegian physical anthropology, and its findings shed new light on current political and scientific debates about race across the globe."

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Metapolitics, Algorithms and Violence argues that we need a more finegrained approach to understand contemporary far-right violence – an approach that takes language and cultural production in a digital economy seriously. This book underlines the importance of socio-political, economic, historical and technological context in understanding the rise of the new right. More concretely, based on a digital ethnographic approach, it argues that we should understand this violence and the contemporary rise of new far-right practices and actors in relation to the theoretical renewal of ‘La Nouvelle Droite’ in the 20th century; the ‘democratization’ of new right metapolitics in the 21st century as a result of the rise of digital media; and the development of a layered, transnational and polycentric new right cultural niche in which far-right activists and terrorists produce identity, discourse, digital cultures and practices. This work will be an engaging and necessary read for researchers interested in social media, digital culture, far-right politics, extremism and terrorism.

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Following the formation of the German National Socialist Party in the 1920s, various forms of sound (popular music, voice, noise and silence) and media technology (radio and loudspeaker systems) were configured as useful to the party's political programme. Focusing on the urban "soundscape" of Düsseldorf, the author makes a persuasive case for investigating such sound events and technological devices in their specific contexts of production and reception. Nazi Soundscapes identifies strategies for controlling space and reworking identity patterns, but also the ongoing difficulties in manipulating mediated sounds and the spaces of listening reception, whether in the home, workplace, the cinema, public rituals or with wartime siren systems. The study revises visualist notions of social control, and reveals the disciplinary functions of listening (as eavesdropping) as well as the sonic dimensions to exclusion and violence during Nazism. An essential title for everyone interested in the links between German political culture, audiovisual media and urban history, Nazi Soundscapes provides a fascinating analysis of the cultural significance of sound between the 1920s and early 1940s. Click "http://soundclips.humanities.uva.nl/">here for the sound clips discussed in the book.

Na de formatie van de NSDAP in de jaren '20 werden verschillende vormen van geluid (stem, ruis, stilte, populaire muziek) en mediatechnologieën (radio- en luidsprekersystemen) ingezet voor hun politieke programma. Vanuit de historisch invalshoek van het stedelijke 'soundscape' van Düsseldorf, onderzoekt de auteur de productie en receptie van deze geluiden en technologieën. Nazi Soundscapes brengt in kaart hoe het politieke bestel de stedelijke ruimte en identiteitsformatie van burgers door middel van geluid beïnvloedt. Het geeft een kritisch perspectief op zowel visuele als auditieve manieren van controle en discipline, in het bijzonder bij uitsluiting en geweld tijdens het nationaal-socialisme (1933-1945). Nazi Soundscapes geeft een fascinerende kijk op de culturele betekenis van geluid tussen de jaren twintig en veertig. Een essentieel boek voor lezers met een interesse in de Duitse politieke cultuur, moderne media en stedelijke geschiedenis. Luister "http://soundclips.humanities.uva.nl/">hier naar de geluidsfragmenten die in het boek worden besproken.

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How have digital tools and networks transformed the far rights strategies and transnational prospects? This volume presents a unique critical survey of the online and offline tactics, symbols and platforms that are strategically remixed by contemporary far-right groups in Europe and the US. It features thirteen accessible essays by an international range of expert scholars, policy advisors and activists who offer informed answers to a number of urgent practical and theoretical questions: How and why has the internet emboldened extreme nationalisms? What counter-cultural approaches should civil societies develop in response?How have digital tools and networks transformed the far rights strategies and transnational prospects? This volume presents a unique critical survey of the online and offline tactics, symbols and platforms that are strategically remixed by contemporary far-right groups in Europe and the US. It features thirteen accessible essays by an international range of expert scholars, policy advisors and activists who offer informed answers to a number of urgent practical and theoretical questions: How and why has the internet emboldened extreme nationalisms? What counter-cultural approaches should civil societies develop in response?

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Was ist das »Neue« an der Neuen Rechten? Seit der Enttarnung des Nationalsozialistischen Untergrunds und den politischen Entwicklungen in den 2010er Jahren hat das Lager der hiesigen Rechtsextremisten erhebliche publizistische Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Wesentliche Veränderungen sind hingegen unterbeleuchtet geblieben. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Neue Rechte und deren politisches Denken, ihr Verhältnis zu gesellschaftlichen Minoritäten sowie ihre Vorstellungen von Deutschlands Rolle in Europa und in der Welt. Die Beiträgerinnen und Beiträger des Bandes rücken Fragen zu Philosophie, zu Minderheiten und zu Transnationalität in den Fokus, um das tatsächlich »Neue« an diesem rechten Phänomen zu erörtern.

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Wie weit und umkämpft war dieser Weg? Von der Entpolitisierung des Oktoberfestattentats 1980 über die Verdächtigungen der Opferangehörigen des sogenannten NSU in den 2000ern bis hin zur öffentlichen Wahrnehmung der Familien der Getöteten des rechtsterroristischen Anschlags in Hanau 2020. Erst jetzt scheint sich eine längst überfällige gesamtgesellschaftliche Debatte in Bewegung zu setzen: über mangelnde Repräsentation, mahnende Erinnerung und sich verändernde Gedenkkultur, über strukturellen Rassismus und Behördenblindheit gegenüber Menschen, die sich längst nicht mehr als Teil einer Gesellschaft fühlen. Die Beitragenden des Bandes setzen sich mit Rassismus, Rechtsextremismus und Erinnerungskultur auseinander und gehen vor allem der Frage nach, wo der Kampf gegen rechten Terror und seinen gesellschaftlichen Nährboden heute steht.

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NSU, Halle, Hanau und mehr – politische Morde mit rechtsextremem Hintergrund sind von beängstigender Gegenwart in der bundesdeutschen Geschichte. Dabei handelt es sich keinesfalls um Einzelfälle, vielmehr sind sie in einen größeren Kontext rechter Gewalttaten wie etwa der Brandanschläge von Solingen eingebettet. Wie kann und sollte die demokratische Gesellschaft auf lokaler Ebene damit umgehen? Was wurde aus der deutschen Geschichte gelernt und wo greift die Aufarbeitung noch zu kurz? Die Beiträge bieten dazu exemplarische und prinzipielle Ansätze aus interdisziplinärer Sichtweise und eröffnen so kritische Perspektiven auf die heutige Gedenkarbeit.

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Rassismus, Antisemitismus und Rechtspopulismus sind allgegenwärtig und berühren auch Hochschulen als Bildungsorte in ihrer gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung. Der Band thematisiert aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln aktuelle rassistische, antisemitische und faschistische Erscheinungen in Gesellschaft und Hochschule und diskutiert die hochschulpolitischen Potentiale diesen entgegenzuwirken in der Lehre und in der Transferarbeit.; Racism, antisemitism and right-wing populism are omnipresent and also affect universities as places of education in their social responsibility. The volume deals with current racist, anti-Semitic and fascist phenomena in society and universities from different perspectives and discusses the potential of teaching and transfer work in higher education policy to counteract them.

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Rechte Orientierungen und Diskurse haben eine räumliche Dynamik. Das Problem lediglich in strukturschwachen Regionen, im ländlichen Raum oder in benachteiligten Wohngebieten zu verorten, ist jedoch verkürzt, reproduziert Stereotype und liefert kaum Erklärungen. Denn soziale und räumliche Kontexte bedingen nicht nur Verhalten und Einstellungen, sondern werden gleichermaßen durch individuelle und kollektive Handlungen hervorgebracht und verändert. Die Beitragenden verschiedener Fachdisziplinen untersuchen diese komplexen Zusammenhänge, diskutieren sie mit Expert*innen aus der Praxis und eröffnen dabei neue Handlungsräume.

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Die Wahrnehmung von Rechtsradikalismus in der Gesellschaft hat sich in den letzten Jahren verändert und wird vor allem überregional diskutiert. Doch wie reagieren Akteure vor Ort auf rechtsradikale Ereignisse, Gruppen oder Phänomene, welchen Umgang finden sie mit ihnen? Und haben diese Aushandlungsmodi Einfluss auf neuerliche rechtsradikale Formierungen? An ausgewählten Fallbeispielen aus Niedersachsen untersuchen die Autor_innen Wechselwirkungen rechtsradikaler Phänomene mit der lokalkulturellen Mehrheitsgesellschaft, besonders mit lokalen Akteuren und Institutionen. Dabei zeichnen sie auch die historischen Entwicklungen nach, um sich den Tiefendimensionen der Entstehungs- und Konstituierungsbedingungen von politischem Rechtsradikalismus in lokalen Kontexten anzunähern.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched transcript Open Library Politikwissenschaft 2019

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Die Wahrnehmung von Rechtsradikalismus in der Gesellschaft hat sich in den letzten Jahren verändert und wird vor allem überregional diskutiert. Doch wie reagieren Akteure vor Ort auf rechtsradikale Ereignisse, Gruppen oder Phänomene, welchen Umgang finden sie mit ihnen? Und haben diese Aushandlungsmodi Einfluss auf neuerliche rechtsradikale Formierungen? An ausgewählten Fallbeispielen aus Niedersachsen untersuchen die Autor_innen Wechselwirkungen rechtsradikaler Phänomene mit der lokalkulturellen Mehrheitsgesellschaft, besonders mit lokalen Akteuren und Institutionen. Dabei zeichnen sie auch die historischen Entwicklungen nach, um sich den Tiefendimensionen der Entstehungs- und Konstituierungsbedingungen von politischem Rechtsradikalismus in lokalen Kontexten anzunähern.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched transcript Open Library Politikwissenschaft 2019

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Hate is being reinvented. Over the last two decades, online platforms have been used to repackage racist, sexist and xenophobic ideologies into new sociotechnical forms. Digital hate is ancient but novel, deploying the Internet to boost its allure and broaden its appeal. To understand the logic of hate, Luke Munn investigates four objects: 8chan, the cesspool of the Internet, QAnon, the popular meta-conspiracy, Parler, a social media site, and Gab, the »platform for the people.« Drawing together powerful human stories with insights from media studies, psychology, political science, and race and cultural studies, he portrays how digital hate infiltrates hearts and minds.

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What advantages do people hope for when they collaborate with an occupying regime? What kinds of threats do they face if they do not? These questions can be applied to Waffen-SS recruitment during World War II and refracted as if through a prism. This study explains the intentions and scope of action of the occupational forces, political elites, and individuals in six states.

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Populism is a growing threat to human rights. They are appropriated, distorted, turned into empty words or even their opposite. The contributors to this volume examine these practices using the example of freedom of religion or belief, a human right that has become a particular target of right-wing populists and extremists worldwide. The contributions not only show the rhetorical patterns of appropriation and distortion, but also demonstrate for various countries which social dynamics favor the appropriation in each case and propose how to strengthen human rights and the culture of debate in democratic societies.

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This study focuses on two Swedish politicians, Nils Flyg and Sven Olov Lindholm. During the interwar era, they were both leaders of various Swedish political parties; in the case of Flyg the Swedish Communist Party, and later on the Socialist Party; in the case of Lindholm the National Socialist Worker’s Party (later renamed Swedish Socialist Unity). Both men were, in other words, influential politicians located at the outer edges of the ideological landscape.

During the span of their lifetimes, however, Flyg as well as Lindholm made remarkable ideological transitions. From the end of the thirties and onwards, the former communist leader Flyg successively embraced German Nazism. Lindholm on the other hand stepped down from his leadership after the war, and became a left-wing political activist who did not hesitate to identify himself as a communist. Superficially, this is strikingly symmetric: The communist leader becomes a Nazi, and the Nazi leader becomes a communist.

The aim of the study is to analyze the ideological links and tensions between Nazism and communism using these parallel biographies as a point of entrance. Inspired by political theorist Michael Freeden and his conceptual approach, and using a variety of sources, two core clusters of political concepts are identified and compared. It is shown that there are great similarities between Flyg and Lindholm when it comes to the role of anti-capitalism, anti-imperialism and the aspiration to idealize the Soviet Union or Germany as model states for workers. There are also, however, a number of differences, especially when it comes to views on modernity and materialism. In the final chapter, Flyg and Lindholm are compared to other European renegades. Here, the ambition is to identify common traits in the conversions. It is argued that the ideological antagonisms, the anti-positions, are crucial to this kind of generic renegadism.

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Denna bok handlar om de svenska mellankrigstidspolitikerna Nils Flyg och Sven Olov Lindholm. Under tiden mellan världskrigen var de båda ledare för varsitt politiskt parti. Flyg var ordförande för Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti, sedermera kallat Socialistiska Partiet. Lindholm var under samma period ledare för Nationalsocialistiska Arbetarpartiet, sedermera omdöpt till Svensk Socialistisk Samling. De var med andra ord inflytelserika politiker på varsin ideologisk flank.

Under sina respektive liv kom de dock att göra uppseendeväckande ideologiska förflyttningar. Flyg kom från andra halvan av 30-talet och framåt att alltmera öppet omfamna den tyska nazismen. Lindholm å sin sida lade ner sitt parti efter krigsslutet och kallade sig med tiden öppet för kommunist. Då Flyg och Lindholm ställs sida vid sida föreligger alltså en slående symmetri: Kommunistledaren blir nazist och nazistledaren blir kommunist.

Bokens syfte är att med utgångspunkt i dessa båda biografiska fall dissekera det ideologiska kraftfältet mellan kommunism och nazism. Med metodologisk inspiration från den politiske teoretikern Michael Freeden och hans begreppsliga idéanalys, samt ett brett källunderlag, identifieras två ideologiska kärnkluster som sedan jämförs. Likheter mellan Flyg och Lindholm fastslås, inte minst genom ett gemensamt antikapitalistiskt och antiimperialistiskt ställningstagande liksom en ambition att idealisera Sovjetunionen och Tyskland som mönsterstater för arbetare. Till de skillnader som går att identifiera hör inte minst olika synsätt på materialism och modernitet. I ett avslutande kapitel jämförs Flyg och Lindholm med samtida europeiska renegater, med ambitionen att identifiera gemensamma drag i dessa övergångsprocesser. Inte minst fokuseras här den roll som det negativt uttryckta idéinnehållet tycks spela i respektive omprövning.

 

Academic co-ordinator is Lars M. Andersson, Senior Lecturer, History, Uppsala University: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-2448

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Scant research attention has addressed the role, significance, and function of the RfA in the maintenance and reformulation of the retirement insurance system in the Nazi society transformed by the ideology of the Volksgemeinschaft. For the first time, based on primary sources, this book presents a problem-oriented administrative history that investigates the place of the RfA in the National Socialist institutional structure.

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This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. Right-wing populist movements and related political parties are gaining ground in many EU member states. This unique, interdisciplinary book provides an overall picture of the dynamics and development of these parties across Europe and beyond. Combining theory with in-depth case studies, it offers a comparative analysis of the policies and rhetoric of existing and emerging parties including the British BNP, the Hungarian Jobbik and the Danish Folkeparti. The case studies qualitatively and quantitatively analyse right-wing populist groups in the following countries: Austria, Germany, Britain, France, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Hungary, Belgium, Ukraine, Estonia, and Latvia, with one essay exclusively focused on the US. This timely and socially relevant collection is essential reading for scholars, students and practitioners wanting to understand the recent rise of populist right wing parties at local, countrywide and regional levels.

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Der rassistische Brandanschlag in Solingen jährt sich 2023 zum 30. Mal. Eine fachliche, gesellschaftspolitische und wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung ist bisher jedoch kaum erfolgt. Die Beiträger*innen ordnen die Geschehnisse und Zusammenhänge um den Mordanschlag kritisch ein und diskutieren seine Nachwirkungen und Folgen aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven reflexiv. Neben zivilgesellschaftlichen und wissenschaftlichen Stimmen kommen auch Überlebende und Angehörige der Familie Genç sowie andere Betroffene rassistischer und extrem rechter Gewalt zu Wort.

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Over the past two decades, populist politicians and parties have enjoyed remarkable success across the globe. The rise of right-wing populism is perhaps most noticeable in post-communist Europe, especially in Hungary and Poland, where politicians subscribing to this ideology have come to power and weakened media pluralism, the protection of minorities, the sovereignty of civil society and the independence of the judiciary. To develop a multidisciplinary understanding of the rise and functioning of right-wing populism in Central and Eastern Europe, The Anatomy of Right-wing Populism examines the two original concepts of neo-traditionalism (to capture the construction of the pure people in opposition to the corrupt elites and the threatening others) and neo-feudalism (to capture an economic strategy whereby a relatively small elite controls the apex of political power and a sizable portion of the country’s economy). This book argues that the causes and consequences of populism cannot be fully understood without a multidisciplinary analysis, drawing on the theories and approaches of politics, history, economics, sociology and anthropology. Grounded in empirical research, this volume provides theoretical insights into how populism became such a powerful political force and formulates policy recommendations on how to resist illiberalism, thereby appealing not only to academics but also to activists and policy makers.

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Inspired by the success of the US Christian Right and the rise of the global far-right, ultraconservative Christians in Europe are joining forces and seek to reshape Europe. By assembling in anti-gender movements and sharing anti-Muslim narratives, they actively influence the political landscape and shape government policies. The contributors offer new perspectives on the protagonists and the entangled networks that work to abolish liberal democracy in Europe behind the scenes. This anthology is the first to bring together case studies on the Christian Right in over 20 European countries, providing a transnational perspective and an accessible insight for clergy, politicians, and academics alike.

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